2019教師招聘考試：中小學英語基礎知識-詞法（二）

[誤]My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.

[正]My mother bought two fish for supper this morning.

[析]英語中有些名詞單復同形，如：fish, deer, sheep, Chinese (中國人), means (方法)。所以應講one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese. 如果講There are five fishes in the pool.應譯為池中有五種魚而不是五條魚。

[誤]Mary expressed her thank to her boy friend.

[正]Mary expressed her thanks to her boy friend.

[析]英語中有些名詞只有復數(shù)形式，如： thanks, greens， 而有些詞單數(shù)形式與復數(shù)形式有不同的詞意。如:clothes 為衣服，而cloth則是布， sand沙子，而sands是沙灘。

[誤]I offered my son my congratulation on his success.

[正]I offered my son my congratulations on his success.

[析]英語中表示祝賀的詞雖有單數(shù)形式，但一般要用其復數(shù)形式。如握手為shake hands.

[誤]We have five German in this meeting.

[正]We have five Germans in this meeting.

[析]英國人Englishman的復數(shù)形式為Englishmen，而German 則要加s，因為它不是由國名與man的組合詞。

[誤]There are two As in this word.

[正]There are two A's in this word.

[析]在大寫字母縮寫形式的復數(shù)表達法中應加s，但如字母是A、I時，為了防止與As和Is相混，則要用's即A's，I's

[誤]There are three 6s and two 3s in my telephone number.

[正]There are three 6's and two 3's in my telephone number.

[析]在小寫字母與數(shù)字的復數(shù)形式表達法中要用's

[誤]We have many woman teachers in our school.

[正]We have many women teachers in our school.

[析]一般組合名詞變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)形式時只將詞中心詞變?yōu)閺蛿?shù)如：

half brother—half brothers(同父異母或同母異父的兄弟)daughter in law—daughtersin law,(兒媳)但要注意的是：man driver—men drivers(男司機) woman doctor—women doctors(女大夫)grown up—grown ups(成年人) 但是boy student—則變?yōu)閎oy students

[誤]Physics are very difficult to learn.

[正]Physics is very difficult to learn.

[析]雖以s結尾但只能用作單數(shù)名詞有：科學，學科名字：Physics. Mathematics politics游戲名稱：bowls 專有名稱：Niagara Falls(尼亞加拉瀑布) 其他名詞：news(消息，新聞)

[誤]There is a people in the room.

[正]There is a person in the room.

[正]There is a man in the room.

[析]people是復數(shù)名詞，不可用作單數(shù)，如要用來講一個人時應用a person, a man, a woman。同樣的詞有police.要講一個警察時則要用a policeman, a policewoman。

[誤]Wher is my shoe?

[正]Wher are my shoes?

[析]常常只用作復數(shù)形式的詞有trousers, pants, shorts(短褲)，socks(襪子),shoes, gloves(手套)。但如果只找其中的一個則要指明，這時還是應用單數(shù)形式。如：Wher's my left glove?(我左手的手套在哪?)

[誤]I paid five pennies for the sweet.

[正]I paid five pence for the sweet.

[析]英語中便士有兩個復數(shù)形式pence用來表達一定數(shù)量的錢。而pennies是指一個個的硬幣，如：I want to change this note for pennies.我想把這紙幣換成硬幣。(即一便士一個的硬幣)。

[誤]There are many fruit in the shop.

[正]There are many fruits in the shop.

[析]物質名詞為不可數(shù)名詞，但是用來表示種類時則可以用作可數(shù)名詞，這里應譯為各種各樣的水果。

[誤]There is a new car. It is Jone's and Mary's.

[正]There is a new car. It is Jone and Mary's.

[析]有生命名詞的所有格，如果是單數(shù)名詞則加's如：Mary's car.如果是以s結尾的復數(shù)名詞則只在s后面加’如：teachers' offices.如果是復數(shù)名詞但不是以s結尾，則只加’s，如：children's palace 組合名詞的所有格是在后一個詞尾加's如：girl friend —girl friend's someone else—someone else's a week or three—a week or three's如名詞后有同位語時，則應加在同位語的詞尾上，如：It is my girl friend, Mary's car.要注意的是當兩個名詞并列時，如表示歸兩人共同所有，則在后一個名詞后面加's，如果表示分別所有則在兩個名詞后分別加's，如：This is Mary and Jone's home.即Mary與Jone是一家人。這是他們共同的家。而These are Mary's and Jone's homes.則應譯為這里是Mary的家與Jone 的家。

[誤]It is really beautiful. It is a work of nature.

[正]It is really beautiful. It is a Nature's work.

[析]無生命名詞的所有格應用of結構。但是's形式的所有格可用于以下無生命的名詞：表示時間的詞：today's newspaper, a twenty minutes' walk, an hour's, rest 表示長度的詞：three metres' distance, a boat's length， twenty miles' journey 表示重量的名詞：two pounds' weight價格名詞：two dollars'worth擬人化的名詞：Nature's work, nature's lesson(大自然的教訓)及國家、機關、團體、城市等機構性名詞：the university's library

[誤]He is an old friend of my father.

[正]He is an old friend of my father's.

[析]這是英語中的一種習慣用法而不要根據(jù)語法去推理。如：This pen is Tom's.

[誤]My father is a good cooker.

[正]My father is a good cook.

[析]一般動詞加上er后則轉意為執(zhí)行該動作的執(zhí)行者，如:teach(教)—teacher(老師),think(想)—thinker(思想 家),drive(開車)—driver(司機),sell(賣)—seller(賣物者)……但不能總是以此類推，比如cook是動詞“做飯”。而 cook也可作為名詞“廚師”講，而cooker則為廚具，餐具，即鍋、碗、勺等做飯用具。

[誤]The young is dancing there.

[正]The young are dancing there.

[析]英文中用定冠詞加上形容詞表示一類人時應按復數(shù)名詞，如：the rich 富人，the poor(窮人),the wise 聰明人，但如果用定冠詞加形容詞來表示事物則要用作單數(shù)名詞，如：The beautiful is still here.美麗的風景依舊。

[誤]The stories of the book was written many years ago.

[正]The stories of the book were written many years ago.

[析]這句話的真正主語應是stories，所以應用復數(shù)謂語動詞。

[誤]This is one of the English?Chinese dictionary.

[正]This is one of the English?Chinese dictionaries.

[析]one of意為“……之一”，of后面的名詞要用復數(shù)形式。

[誤]Let's go to uncle Wang for supper.

[正]Let's go to uncle Wang's for supper.

[析]uncle Wang's 意為“王叔叔家”，doctor's意為“醫(yī)院或私人診所”。

[誤]I think we will make a friend with each other.

[正]I think we will make friends with each other.

[析]make friends 為習慣用法，即交朋友。

[誤]I want to tell you much pieces of good news.

[正]I want to tell you many pieces of good news.

[析]news為不可數(shù)名詞，但加了量詞之后則要用many來修飾量詞，因量詞是可數(shù)名詞，或可以說I want to tell you some good news.因some 即可用在可數(shù)名詞前，也可用在不可數(shù)名詞前作形容詞，如：I want to tell you some pieces of good news.

[誤]The teacher with five students are coming here.

[正]The teacher with five students is coming here.

[析]要注意由with引出的介詞短語不是本句的主語，這與連詞and有很大的區(qū)別，如：The teacher and five students are coming here. 這里由介詞引出的短語僅僅是teacher的修飾語。

[誤]There are a lot of information here, but we don't need them.

[正]There is a lot of information here, but we don't need it.

[析]information為不可數(shù)名詞，而用作代替它的詞要用it而不能用them.

[誤]Many a student make the same mistake in the exam.

[正]Many a student makes the same mistake in the exam.

[析]many a 加可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，作主語時其謂語動詞應用單數(shù)形式，但其意為許多學生。

[誤]The children wear very good cloth to go to school today.

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